- Amplitude Modulation Applications Pdf
- Amplitude Modulation Explained
- Amplitude Modulation Pdf Nptel
- Amplitude Modulation Tutorial Pdf
- Amplitude Modulation Numericals Pdf
4.1 Introduction Modulation: Process by which a property or a parameter of a signal is varied in proportion to a second signal. Amplitude Modulation: The amplitude of a.
Amplitude Modulation, AM Tutorial Includes:
Amplitude modulation, AMAM basic theory & formulasAM bandwidth & sidebandsModulation index & depthAM efficiencyAM demodulation / detectionDiode detectorSynchronous detectorAM modulatorsSingle sideband, SSBSSB demodulation
Modulation formats:Modulation types & techniquesFrequency modulationPhase modulationQuadrature amplitude modulation
Amplitude modulation, AMAM basic theory & formulasAM bandwidth & sidebandsModulation index & depthAM efficiencyAM demodulation / detectionDiode detectorSynchronous detectorAM modulatorsSingle sideband, SSBSSB demodulation
Modulation formats:Modulation types & techniquesFrequency modulationPhase modulationQuadrature amplitude modulation
The basic theory and equations behind amplitude modulation are relatively straightforward and can be handled using straightforward trigonometric calculations and manipulation.
Essentially an amplitude modulated wave consists of a radio frequency carrier - a sine wave at one frequency, typically in the radio frequency portion of the spectrum. A modulating wave, which in theory could be another sine wave, typically at a lower audio frequency is superimposed upon the carrier.
The two signals are multiplied together and the theory shows how they interact to create the carrier and two sidebands.
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The equations for the simple example of the a single tone used for modulation can be expanded to show how the signal will appear of a typical sound consisting of many frequencies is used to modulated the carrier.
Amplitude modulation theory & equations
It is possible to look at the theory of the generation of an amplitude modulated signal in four steps:
- Carrier signal
- Modulating signal
- Overall modulated signal for a single tone
- Expansion to cover a typical audio signal
These steps will be covered in greater details below:
Amplitude Modulation Applications Pdf
1. Carrier signal equations
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Looking at the theory, it is possible to describe the carrier in terms of a sine wave as follows:
Where:
carrier frequency in Hertz is equal to ωc / 2 π
C is the carrier amplitude
φ is the phase of the signal at the start of the reference time
carrier frequency in Hertz is equal to ωc / 2 π
C is the carrier amplitude
φ is the phase of the signal at the start of the reference time
Both C and φ can be omitted to simplify the equation by changing C to '1' and φ to '0'.
2. Modulating signal equations
The modulating waveform can either be a single tone. This can be represented by a cosine waveform, or the modulating waveform could be a wide variety of frequencies - these can be represented by a series of cosine waveforms added together in a linear fashion.
For the initial look at how the signal is formed, it is easiest to look at the equation for a simple single tone waveform and then expand the concept to cover the more normal case. Take a single tone waveform:
Amplitude Modulation Explained
Where:
modulating signal frequency in Hertz is equal to ωm / 2 π
M is the carrier amplitude
φ is the phase of the signal at the start of the reference time
modulating signal frequency in Hertz is equal to ωm / 2 π
M is the carrier amplitude
φ is the phase of the signal at the start of the reference time
Both C and φ can be omitted to simplify the equation by changing C to '1' and φ to '0'.
It is worth noting that normally the modulating signal frequency is well below that of the carrier frequency.
3. Overall modulated signal for a single tone
The equation for the overall modulated signal is obtained by multiplying the carrier and the modulating signal together.
The constant A is required as it represents the amplitude of the waveform.
Substituting in the individual relationships for the carrier and modulating signal, the overall signal becomes:
The trigonometry can then be expanded out to give an equation that includes the components of the signal:
In this theory, three terms can be seen which represent the carrier, and upper and lower sidebands:
Carrier: A . sin (ωc t)
Upper sideband: A . M/2 [ sin ((ωc + ωm) t + φ)
Lower sideband: A . M/2 [ sin ((ωc - ωm) t - φ)
Upper sideband: A . M/2 [ sin ((ωc + ωm) t + φ)
Lower sideband: A . M/2 [ sin ((ωc - ωm) t - φ)
Note also that the sidebands are separated from the carrier by a frequency equal to that of the tone.
It can be seen that for a case where there is 100% modulation, i.e. M = 1, and where the carrier is not suppressed, i.e. A = 1, then the sidebands have half the value of the carrier, i.e. a quarter of the power each.
4. Expansion to cover a typical audio signal
With the basic concept of modulation and the resultant sidebands established, the same principles can be applied to the more complicated cases of modulation using speech, music or other audio sounds.
Theory can be used to break down a sound into a series of sinusoidal signals. These are linearly added to each other to form the audio spectrum of the modulating signal.
The spectrum of the modulating signal extends out either side from the carrier, one sideband is the mirror of the other, with the lowest frequencies closest to the carrier, and highest furthest away.
Amplitude Modulation Pdf Nptel
It can be seen that the audio signal covers a band of frequencies either side of the main carrier. The theory and equations show that furthest extent of the sidebands from the carrier corresponds to the highest frequency of the modulating tone for the amplitude modulated signal.
Amplitude Modulation Tutorial Pdf
Amplitude Modulation Numericals Pdf
More Essential Radio Topics:
Radio SignalsModulation types & techniquesAmplitude modulationFrequency modulationOFDMRF mixingPhase locked loopsFrequency synthesizersPassive intermodulationRF attenuatorsRF filtersRadio receiver typesSuperhet radioRadio receiver selectivityRadio receiver sensitivityReceiver strong signal handling
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Radio SignalsModulation types & techniquesAmplitude modulationFrequency modulationOFDMRF mixingPhase locked loopsFrequency synthesizersPassive intermodulationRF attenuatorsRF filtersRadio receiver typesSuperhet radioRadio receiver selectivityRadio receiver sensitivityReceiver strong signal handling
Return to Radio topics menu . . .